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FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The twenty-first century is certain to present outdoor leaders and other practitioners with many challenges. These challenges can be addressed through a systematic process called “futuring”, defined by Trotter (1998:20) as a “discipline that uses various methodologies to anticipate possibilities based on current trends, to assess the likely impact of these possibilities on different aspects of people’s lives, and to establish responses that enable people to control the directions of their lives or to be prepared to deal with the uncontrollable consequences”. Trotter (1998:20-23) advises camps (adventure-based programmes) to “practice specialized diversification”, i.e. doing that which the organization does best, based on an identified market need; diversify the camp experience through professional networking, new target groups, e.g. adults and family camps; use technology for information processing, personal communication devices and creating a virtual adventure experience; and to compete in the 21st century by being an entrepreneur, being a leader and manager, and being the best provider. The American Camping Association – Not for Profit Council (ACA web page, 2002) undertook a study to examine influences and trends on camping programmes offered by non-profit organizations which experience increased pressures to scrutinize the scope of their services concerning appropriateness, commitment, and economic viability. Eight trends were identified with issues and recommendations. A summary of this study is included here due to the relevance of these trends facing many South African non-profit organizations and other companies, including individual practitioners offering adventure-based programmes to youth-at-risk. Trends were defined as “tendencies, drifts or changes”; and issues as “the problems identified due to the changing trends” (ACA Web page, 2002).
SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
Every day the media depicts youth involved in gangs and violence, substance abuse and other potentially damaging risk-taking behaviours. Persons in the helping professions are confronted with issues such as delinquency, pregnancy and dependency, together with other environmental stressors that include parental substance abuse, unemployment, single families, domestic violence, physical and sexual abuse and neglect. Social work has a rich heritage in and strong commitment to youth development. It is, however, regrettable that more social workers are found in treatment-orientated programmes, rather than preventative, developmental services to youth. Community-based programmes and services that emphasize educational and developmental models need to be supported. Current child and youth development agencies could play a leading role in providing such programmes (Morrison, Alcorn & Nelums, 1997:32). These writers (1997, 322) are of the opinion that “the time seems particularly opportune to reassert social work presence and leadership in youth development programs”. In the USA camps are the third largest provider of services to children and youth, with over 8 500 day and resident camps serving six million children each year from every segment. The majority of these camps are non-profit undertakings, serving more than one million economically disadvantaged, physically or mentally challenged children (ACA, undated:1). Recently, local welfare organizations like NICRO and many other child care institutions have become increasingly involved in the utilization of adventure-based programmes as diversion option in working with youth-at-risk.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, PROBLEM-FORMULATION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 MOTIVATION FOR THE SELECTION OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC
1.3 PROBLEM-FORMULATION
1.4 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.6 RESEARCH APPROACH
1.7 TYPE OF RESEARCH
1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN
1.9 RESEARCH PROCEDURES
1.10 THE PILOT STUDY
1.11 SAMPLING
1.12 DEFINITION OF MAJOR CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 2: A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES IN SOUTH AFRICA
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES IN SOUTH AFRICA
2.3 THE NATURE AND REQUIREMENTS OF AN ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMME
2.4 ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES AND THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION
2.5 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES FOR YOUTH-AT-RISK
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF OUTDOOR LEADERS
3.3 GENDER COMPOSITION OF OUTDOOR LEADERS
3.4 REPRESENTATION OF POPULATION GROUPS
3.5 HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL TRAINING OF OUTDOOR LEADERS
3.6 BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT OR INVOLVEMENT IN ADVENTURE- BASED PROGRAMMES
3.7 SKILLS AND PERSONAL QUALITIES OF THE OUTDOOR LEADER
3.8 BEHAVIORAL CHALLENGES PRESENTED BY YOUTH-AT-RISK
3.9 DURATION OF ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
3.10 PROVISION FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS
3.11 ACTIVITIES PRESENTED DURING ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
3.12 TERMINOLOGY FOR ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
3.13 AIMS OF THE ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMME
3.14 GENERAL STATEMENTS ON ADVENTURE-BASED 102 PROGRAMMES
3.15 GENERAL STATEMENTS
3.16 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4: GENERAL SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDELINES ON ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES FOR YOUTH-AT-RISK
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 AGE OF THE OUTDOOR LEADER
4.3 GENDER OF THE OUTDOOR LEADER
4.4 REPRESENTATION OF POPULATION GROUPS AMONGST OUTDOOR LEADERS
4.5 HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL TRAINING OF OUTDOOR LEADERS
4.6 BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT
4.7 SKILLS AND PERSONAL QUALITIES OF OUTDOOR LEADERS
4.8 BEHAVIOURAL CHALLENGES PRESENTED BY YOUTH-AT-RISK
4.9 DURATION OF ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
4.10 PROVISION FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS
4.11 ACTIVITIES PRESENTED DURING ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
4.12 TERMINOLOGY
4.13 AIMS OF ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
4.14 TRAINING OF OUTDOOR LEADERS
4.15 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
4.16 BENEFITS OF ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES FOR YOUTH-AT-RISK
4.17 OBTAINING SPONSORSHIPS FOR ADVENTURE-BASED PROGRAMMES
4.18 ROLE OF A SOCIAL WORKER
4.19 TESTING THE RESEARCH GOAL
4.20 TESTING THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
4.21 RESEARCH QUESTION
4.22 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESE
4.23 CLOSING STATEMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
