North american indian names in the publication environment

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International MARC Authorities Formats

As variants of MARC records spread across the world, there was a concurrent movement to create a worldwide MARC coding system.
Two major results of this movement have been UNIMARC followed by the newer MARC 21. IFLA created UNIMARC in 1994 (IFLA, 2000b) and the Library of Congress created MARC 21 in 1999 (Library of Congress, 2002). Currently UNIMARC is the central format for switching among European National MARC Systems Partners in the European Union (European Communities Directorate General XIII, 1996). MARC 21, which combined USMARC and CAN/MARC is being accepted in other countries (Gabriel, 2001). In addition to MARC systems for bibliographic data, both UNIMARC and MARC 21 had formats for authorities data. The UNIMARC/ Authorities format (IFLA, 1997) became part of the UBCIM’s ongoing international authority data program (IFLA, 1996b). The authorities format in the MARC 21 system (Library of Congress, 2003) was also implemented and may be used by any national library accepting MARC 21 as the standard for their automated bibliographic records.
International MARC standards, whether they are UNIMARC, MARC 21, or a future standard, require name standardization in order to be effective.

Minimum Level Authority Records (MLAR)

In 1996, IFLA established the Working Group on MLAR and ISADN to consider the creation of an international authority control system and to design a functional ISADN. Their work started with the GARE elements (as noted in Section 5.4.3), implementing them in the format that was the output of their effort (IFLA, 1996b).
In addition to record-keeping elements (e.g., type of record or entity category), the standard authority elements established by the Working Group on MLAR and ISADN included the standard elements of an authority record:
• Authorized heading (GARE Area 1)
• See cross-references (GARE Area 3)
• See also cross-references (GARE Area 4)
• Source citation note (GARE Area 6)
Additional required elements that might assist with the integration of a newly created authority record into the proposed international authority control system include:
• Entity category
• Record control number
• Version identifier
• Language of cataloging
• Script of cataloging

Finally, the IFLA Working Group on MLAR and ISADN highly recommended the following elements:
• Source information about the entry
• Source data not found
• General notes

International Standard Author Data Number (ISADN)

In addition to specifying the minimum level authority record, the IFLA Working Group on MLAR and ISADN was given the task of developing an international standard author data number modeled on the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) (See Section 6.5). An ISADN was expected to be a number that uniquely identifies an author throughout the world and that would point to a record including all possible name forms for an author.
Several IFLA projects, including Guidelines for Authorities and Reference Entries (GARE) and UNIMARC Format for Authorities (see Sections 5.4.2 and 5.4.3), referred to an ISADN but neither its form nor structure was specified (IFLA, 2001).
There was also a field (in the 015 block) for an ISADN in the UNIMARC format for authorities published in 1991 and a field in the 0XX block for a number that can identify either the authority record or the authority heading. The ambiguity between the elements that should be entered in these blocks, however, is not resolved.
ISADNs, if implemented, offer a possible solution to the problem of name standardization in international authority control. They allow all of an author’s possible name variations to be grouped under a single number that has the same meaning in every language.

CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.3 MOTIVATION FOR STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
1.5 ASSUMPTIONS
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
2. PERSONAL NAMES AND NAMING PRACTICES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 PERSONAL NAMES AND THEIR STRUCTURES IN GENERAL
2.3 PERSONAL NAMES AND STRUCTURES AMONG NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
2.4 EFFECTS OF COLONIZATION
2.5 SUMMARY
3. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES IN THE PUBLICATION ENVIRONMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PUBLICATION ENVIRONMENT
3.3 SUMMARY
4. AUTHORITY CONTROL: NATURE, PURPOSE, AND PRINCIPLES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF AUTHORITY CONTROL
4.3 CHRONOLOGY OF AUTHORITY CONTROL
4.4 PURPOSE OF AUTHORITY CONTROL
4.5 PRINCIPLES OF AUTHORITY CONTROL
4.6 AUTHORITY CONTROL ENVIRONMENT
4.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF NAMES TO BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES
4.8 SUMMARY
5. THE NECESSITY OF PERSONAL NAME STANDARDIZATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 AUTOMATION AND THE NECESSITY OF NAME STANDARDIZATION
5.3 NECESSITY FOR NAME STANDARDIZATION CONSIDERING AUTHORITY CONTROL FUNCTIONS
5.4 EFFORTS TO STANDARDIZE PERSONAL NAMES
5.5 SPECIFIC PROBLEMS WITH THE STANDARDIZATION OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES
6. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES AND AUTHORITY RULES
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 AUTHORITIES ON NAME AUTHORITY CONTROL
6.3 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES IN NAMES OF PERSONS AUTHORITY FORMAT
6.4 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES AND AACR2R (1998)
6.5 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES AND THE AUTHORITY CONTROL PROCESS
6.6 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN PERSONAL NAME AUTHORITY RESOURCES
6.7 SUMMARY
7. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES AND NATIONAL LIBRARY AUTHORITY CONTROL: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SUB-PROBLEM FIVE AND ITS HYPOTHESES
7.3 THE METHODOLOGY
7.4 THE TEST SETS
7.5 PROPOSED ANALYSIS
7.6 SUMMARY
8. DATA AND ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES IN NATIONAL AUTHORITY FILES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 OVERVIEW OF DATA
8.3 RESOLVING THE HYPOTHESES
8.4 SUMMARY
9. CONCLUSION
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES AND NAMING (Sub-Problem one; Chapter two)
9.3 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES THE PUBLICATIONS ENVIRONMENT (Sub-Problem two; Chapter three)
9.4 STANDARDIZING NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES (Sub-Problem three; Chapter five)
9.5 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES AND AUTHORITY CONTROL (Sub-Problem four; Chapter six)
9.6 NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES IN NATIONAL AUTHORITY CONTROL FILES (Sub-Problem five; Chapter eight)
9.7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY