AGRICULTURE, IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY AND FOOD SECURITY IN ETHIOPIA

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Agricultural production systems in Ethiopia.

There are two main production systems in Ethiopia: the pastoral-nomadic system, and the mixed crop production system. The pastoral livestock production system dominates the semi arid and arid lowlands (usually below 1500 masl). These regions cover a vast area of land with a small livestock population. The crop production system can be classified into smallholders’ mixed farming, producers’ cooperative (PCs) farms, state farms, and private commercial farms based on their organizational structure, size, and ownership. As this study focuses only on smallholder crop agriculture, no further discussion of other systems (pastoral-nomadic and private commercial activities) is provided.
The smallholders’ production system was the most dominant and accounted for more than 90% of cultivated area and production from 1980 to 1995 (Table 2.1). The major objectives of smallholder farmers’ production are to secure food for home consumption and to generate cash to meet household needs (clothing, farm inputs, taxes etc). The PCs were established as a result of the past socialist government during the 1970s and 1980s to collectivise land, speed up the use of improved agricultural technologies to increase food production in the country, and provide higher income to PCs’ members. The PCs mainly produced for their own consumption and to a minor extent for the market. PCs had priority to get improved inputs on credit and extension agents were based in the PCs to demonstrate improved agricultural technologies on their farms. However, despite such generous government support to PCs, their progress was very slow due to weak services offered by extension agents and PCs’ leaders due to lack of experiences. Moreover, PCs did not offer higher income to their members as envisaged. Thus, there was strong resistance from smallholders to join the PCs. There were only 3741 PCs with a membership of 321,324 households or 4% of all rural households by 1989 (Stroud and Mulugetta, 1992). From 1980 to 1995, PCs cultivated 2% of the total cultivated area and produced only 1.6% of the total crop production in the country, which was the lowest of the three production systems (Table 2.1).

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivations and Setting
1.2 Significance of the study
1.3 Research Objectives
1. 4 Approach and methods of the study
1.5 Organization of the study
CHAPTER 2 AGRICULTURE, IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY AND FOOD
SECURITY IN ETHIOPIA
2.1 Agriculture and the national economy
2.2 The Agricultural potential of Ethiopia
2.3 Agricultural production systems in Ethiopia
2.4 Crop production in Ethiopia
2.5 Smallholders’ mixed farming system
2.6 Trends in crop production
2.7 Agricultural policies and their impact on agriculture
2.7.1 Agricultural policies during the imperial period (1950-1973)
2.7.2 Agricultural policies during the socialist period (1974-1990)
2.7.2.1 The land reform policy
2.7.2.2 Producers’ cooperatives expansion policies
2.7.2.3 Marketing and pricing policies
2.7.2.4 Villagization and resettlement policies
2.7.3 The post economic reform policies (1990-1995)
2.8 Agricultural research and extension in Ethiopia
2.8.1 Agricultural research in Ethiopia
2.8.1.1 Improved tef and wheat production technologies
2.8.1.1.1 Improved tef and wheat varieties
2.8.1.2.2 Fertilizers
2.8.1.2.3 Weed control
2.8.2 Overview of extension activities
2.9 Food security in Ethiopia
CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW: AGRICULRAL TECHNOLGY ADOPTION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic concepts and theoretical foundations of adoption analyses
3.2.1 Adoption, diffusion and abandonment of new technology
3.2.2 Speed of technology adoption
3.2.3 Categories of adopters and stages of adoptio
3.2.4 Mode and sequence of agricultural technology adoption
3.2.5 Risk and adoption of a new technology
3.2.6 Distribution of benefits obtained from adoption of innovations
3.3. Approaches to analysing technology adoption and diffusion
3.3.1. Models explaining technology diffusio
3.3.1.1 Static diffusion model –
3.3.1.1.1 The basic logistic model
3.3.1.1.2 The distinction between innovators and imitators inmodels of diffusion analyses
3.3.1.2 Dynamic diffusion models
3.3.2 Models analysing adoption of innovations
3.3.2.1 Static adoption models
3.3.2.2 Dynamic adoption models
3.4 Empirical studies of technology adoption and diffusion
3.4.1 Adoption studies in developing countries
3.4.2 Adoption and diffusion research in Africa
3.5 Analyses of technology adoption and diffusion in Ethiopia:
Current status and research gaps
CHAPTER 4APPROACH AND METHODS OF THE STUDY
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analytical approaches to technology adopti
4.2.1 Modeling learning and adoption decisions
4.2.2 Modeling intensity of adoption
4.3 Specification of the empirical models-
4.3.1 Variables included in the empirical models
4.4 Survey design and data collection
4.4.1 The study area
4.4.2 Sampling procedure and sample size determination
4.4.3 Survey instruments and procedures of data collected…
CHAPTER 5 SELECTED ATTRIBUTES, PATTERN AND SEQUENCE OF ADOPTION OF IMPROVED TEF AND WHEAT TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 6 EMPIRICAL ANALYSES OF THE ADOPTION OF TEF AND WHEAT TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY