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Basic anatomy, embryology and growth of the mandible
The mandible is one of the most durable bones in unfavourable conditions, as it is the largest and strongest bone in the face (Oettlé et al. 2009b). It has a curved body supporting the teeth within the alveolar process and two broad rami that ascend posteriorly.
Anteriorly, on the external surface the site of the fused symphysis menti may be indicated by a faint median ridge inferiorly dividing to enclose a triangular mental protuberance and raised on each side as a mental tubercle (Standring ed. 2008). The mental protuberance and mental tubercles constitute the chin (mentum osseum) (Fig. 2.1). Immediately above the protuberance is a marked hollow – the incurvatio mandibularis. This hollow deepens on either side of the midline into the fossa mentalis (Parr 2005) or incisive fossa (Standring ed. 2008) for the attachment of mentalis muscle. The depressor labii inferioris has a long, linear origin between the symphysis menti and the mental foramen. The depressor anguli oris has a long, linear origin from the mental tubercle of the mandible and its continuation, the oblique line, below and lateral to the depressor labii inferioris (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3) (Standring ed. 2008).
Near the inner midline on each side is a rough digastric fossa, which gives attachment to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. The rest of the internal surface of the mandible is divided by an oblique mylohyoid line that gives attachment to the mylohyoid muscle and posteriorly to the superior pharyngeal constrictor, buccinator, and the pterygomandibular raphe. Above the anterior ends of the mylohyoid lines, the posterior symphysial aspect bears a small elevation, often divided into upper and lower parts – the mental spines (genial tubercles). The upper part gives attachment to genioglossus, the lower part to geniohyoid.
The mandibular ramus is quadrilateral and has two surfaces (lateral and medial), four borders (superior, inferior, anterior and posterior), and two processes (coronoid and condylar). The condylar process articulates with the adjacent temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.
The inferior border is continuous with the mandibular base and meets the posterior border at the angle, which may be everted or inverted to varying degrees. The thin superior border bounds the mandibular incisure, which separates the coronoid process anteriorly from the condylar process posteriorly. The thick, rounded posterior border extends from the condyle to the angle. Superiorly it is convex and inferiorly it is concave to various degrees and constitutes the well described ramus flexure (e.g. Koski 1996; Loth 1996).*
The ramus and its processes provide attachment for the four primary muscles of mastication as well as the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments. The masseter muscle inserts on the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus. The superficial-, middle- and deep layers of the masseter insert in sequence from the angle and lower posterior half, the central part and upper part of the mandibular ramus, and onto its coronoid process. The medial pterygoid inserts on the postero-inferior part of the medial surface of the ramus.
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION.
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Basic anatomy, embryology and growth of the mandible
2.2 Mandibular angle
2.2.1 Dentition
2.2.2 Sex
2.2.3 Aging
2.2.4 Ancestry
2.2.5 Facial form.
2.2.6 Cortical thickness
2.2.8 Summary.
2.3 Effectors of mandibular morphology
2.4. Quantification of mandibular morphology
Chapter 3: INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials
3.3 Methods
Chapter 4: MANDIBULAR ANGLE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials
4.3 Methods
4.4 Statistical analysis
4.5 Results
Chapter 5: LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
Chapter 6: SHAPE ANALYSIS
Chapter 7: CORTICAL BONE THICKNESS .
Chapter 8: DISCUSSION
Chapter 9: CONCLUSION
Chapter 10: REFERENCES
