A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF LAND REDISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL, NAMIBIA, ZIMBABWE AND SOUTH AFRICA

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LAND REFORM AS PART OF THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT DEBATE

The majority of the world’s poorest3 people, especially in Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, practice farming and depend on the productive use of land for economic and social survival (Department for International Development, 2002). Inequalities in land-holding patterns and land tenure insecurity have led governments in the above-mentioned developing nationsto focus on land reform policies in attempting to reduce poverty and to stimulate the economy.
Why is land reform undertaken in developing countries like South Africa? Richter (1982) provides four reasons:
• many countries have huge landless populations that want to own the land that they farm rather than continue as farm workers or labour tenants;
• governments want to defuse political unrest and win the support of rural/landless people;
• governments often favour land reform as a means of securing foreign aid; and
• some countries have used land reform on the assumption that small owner-operated farms, though denied the economies of large-scale production, are farmed more intensively and productively.
One other pivotal reason for the utilisation of land reform as a development strategy, especially in the southern African context, is that land ownership patterns remain highly skewed in favour of white commercial farmers4. In all the countries that pursue a land reform policy it is essentially an instrument designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising from defects in the agrarian sector.
Land reform has gained prominence in the international developmental circles after its marginalization from 1980 to 1990. In Latin America, Mexico, Brazil and Peru adopted market-oriented5 land reform policies. Similarly, in southern Africa in the 1990s, Zimbabwe6, Namibia and South Africa embarked on market-assisted land reform initiatives to balance the playing field in terms of white and black land ownership patterns. In all of the countries cited, land reform is a socially and economically desirable policy that is necessary to improve land tenure security and/or gain ownership of land for growth, equity and poverty reduction.

Chapter 1 GENERAL ORIENTATION OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 LAND REFORM AS PART OF THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT DEBATE
1.3 LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA
1.3.1 Tenure Reform
1.3.2 Restitution
1.3.3 Redistribution
1.4 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AS PART OF THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT DEBATE
1.4.1 Definitions of the term sustainable tourism
1.4.2 Principles of sustainable tourism
1.5 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA
1.5.1 The importance of sustainable tourism for South Africa
1.5.2 Measures to enhance sustainable tourism in South Africa
1.6 FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.7 RESEARCH AIM AND QUESTION
1.8 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.9 METHODOLOGICAL THEORY
1.9.1 Critical social science theory
1.9.2 Case-study approach
1.10 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY
1.11 CONCLUSION
Chapter 2 A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF LAND REDISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL, NAMIBIA, ZIMBABWE AND SOUTH AFRICA
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 LAND REDISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL (1985-2005)
2.2.1 Reasons for pursuing a land redistribution agenda
2.2.2 Land redistribution policies in Brazil
2.2.3 Challenges for Brazilian land redistribution
2.3 LAND REDISTRIBUTION IN NAMIBIA (1990-2005)
2.3.1 Reasons for pursuing a land redistribution agenda
2.3.2 Land redistribution policies in Namibia
2.3.3 Challenges for Namibian land redistribution
2.4 LAND REDISTRIBUTION IN ZIMBABWE (1980-2005)
2.4.2 Land redistribution policies in Zimbabwe
2.4.3 Challenges for Zimbabwean land redistribution
2.5 LAND REDISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA (1994-2005)
2.5.1 Reasons for pursuing a land redistribution agenda
2.5.2 Land redistribution policies in South Africa
2.6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND LAND REDISTRIBUTION
2.7 STRATEGIC LESSONS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S LAND
REDISTRIBUTION PROGRAMME
2.8 CONCLUSION
Chapter 3 RELEVANCE OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM FOR LAND REDISTRIBUTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AS A TOOL FOR MACRO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
3.2.1 Positive macro-economic impacts of sustainable tourism
3.2.2 Negative macro-economic impacts of sustainable tourism
3.3 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM FOR MICRO-ECONOMIC (LIVELIHOODS) DEVELOPMENT
3.3.1 Ways in which sustainable tourism can affect livelihood security 64
3.3.2 Ways in which sustainable tourism supports or conflicts with other livelihood activities
3.3.2.1 Supports other livelihood options in Namibia
3.3.2.2 Conflicts with other livelihood options in Indonesia and Ethiopia
3.3.3 Livelihoods and the pro-poor tourism angle
3.4 SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
3.4.1 Positive socio-cultural impacts
3.4.2 Negative socio-cultural impacts
3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
3.5.1 Positive environmental impacts
3.5.2 Negative environmental impacts
3.6 ECOTOURISM
3.6.1 Definitions
3.6.2 Ecotourism and the sustainability factor
3.6.3 Ecotourism: local and international case studies
3.6.4 Key challenges facing the ecotourism industry
3.7 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM THROUGH COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CBNRM)
3.7.1 Zimbabwe
3.7.2 Tanzania
3.7.3 Namibia
3.7.4 South Africa
3.7.5 The relevance of sustainable tourism through CBNRM for commonage development
3.8 TOURISM IN PERIPHERAL AREAS
3.9 DESERT TOURISM
3.9.1 Sustainable desert tourism in Algia
3.9.2 Sustainable desert tourism in Australia
3.9.3 Sustainable desert tourism in Namibia
3.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
3.11 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (IDP) APPROACH
3.11.1 Phase 1: Analysis
3.11.2 Phase 2: Development strategies
3.11.3 Phase 3: Projects
3.11.4 Phase 4: Integration
3.11.5 Phase 5: Approval
3.11.5.1 Implementation
3.11.5.2 Monitoring, evaluation, feedback and control
3.12 CONCLUSION
Chapter 4 STUDY METHODOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 UTILISATION OF THE CASE-STUDY APPROACH
4.2.1 Credibility and dependability
4.2.2 Confirmabilit
4.2.3 Transferability
4.3 THE SIX-STEP CASE-STUDY APPROACH
4.4 CONCLUSION
Chapter 5 COMMONAGE PROJECTS IN NAMAQUALAND
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 LAND-USE IN THE NORTHERN CAPE
5.3 LAND REFORM IN THE NORTHERN CAPE
5.4 LAND REFORM IN NAMAQUALAND
5.5 RESULTS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH COMMONAGE USERS AND AUTHORITIES DEALING WITH COMMONAGES
5.6 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM POSSIBILITIES ON THREE OF THE COMMONAGE FARMS
5.7 SWOT MATRIX FOR THE SELECTED COMMONAGE PROJECTS 170
5.8 CONCLUSION
Chapter 6 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN EKSTEENFONTEIN (RICHTERSVELD), NAMAQUALAND
Chapter 7 SYNTHESIS
REFERENCES CITED