Project topics and materials
Get Complete Project Material File(s) Now! »
STRUCTURE OF THE SHOULDER (glenohumeral) JOINT:
The upper extremity is similar to the lower extremity in that they are both connected to the trunk via a bony ring, or girdle (Hamill & Knutzen, 1995). The shoulder joint is a synovial joint where the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity. The glenohumeral joint is the most freely moving diarthoses in the body (Marieb, 1995). Two clavicles and two scapulae form the shoulder girdle. The upper extremity connects to the trunk via the sternum, and the shoulder forms an incomplete ring due the fact that the scapulae do not make contact with each other in the back. This allows independent motion of the right and left arms. In contrast, the lower extremity connects to the trunk via the sacrum. This forms a complete ring with the pelvic girdle, since both sides of the pelvis are connected to each other, both anteriorly and posteriorly (Hamill & Knutzen, 1995, Hay & Reid, 1999; Roetert, 2003). The shoulder girdle has additional skeletal attachments on the lateral sides of the body, with the head of the humerus of the arm. It has to support the limbs, which increases its insecurity further (Hay & Reid, 1999).
Where the function of the lower extremity involves mainly weight bearing, ambulation, posture and gross motor activities, the upper extremity participates in activities requiring skills in manipulation, dexterity, striking, catching, and fine motor abilities. Therefore, the shoulder is the most mobile extremity (Hamill & Knutzen, 1995). The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, formed by the small,shallow, pear-shaped glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus (Figure 3) (Marieb, 1995). In ball-and-socket joints, the hemispherical or spherical head of one bone articulates with the concave socket of another bone.
In the shoulder, the glenoid cavity is slightly deepened by the glenoid labrum, which is a rim of fibro- cartilage, but it is only about one-third of the size of the humeral head and contributes little to joint stability. There is a thin articular capsule that encloses the joint cavity from the margin of the glenoid cavity to the anatomical neck of the humerus. It is remarkably loose, contributing to the joint’s freedom of movement (Marieb, 1995).
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 PROBLEM SETTING
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1.4 PURPOSE AND AIM OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE HISTORY OF TENNIS
2.2 ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER
2.3 MUSCLES AND MOVEMENTS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
2.4 ANALYSIS OF THE SHOULDER IN TENNIS-SPECIFI MOVEMENTS
2.5 PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF TENNIS
2.6 INJURIES IN TENNIS PLAYERS
2.7 TENNIS SPECIFIC SHOULDER EXERCISES
2.8 POSTURAL DEVIATIONS
CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND PROCEDURES
3.1 METHODS
3.2 PROCEDURES
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 BODY COMPOSITION
4.2 MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE
4.3 ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH
4.4 FLEXIBILITY
4.5 POSTURAL MEASUREMENTS
4.6 GRADES OF INJURIES
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A: Tennis Research Project Questionnaire
APPENDIX B: Postural analysis for tennis players
APPENDIX C: Testing proforma
APPENDIX D: Shoulder strengthening programme
APPENDIX E: Additional tennis conditioning exercises
