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INTRODUCTION
BRIEF HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Owing to the need to transfer information (i.e. voice and data) in a fast, reliable and affordable way, the wireless communication world has been experiencing exponential growth to keep up with today’s demand. This is evident in the historical progression growth from the first generation technologies (1G) to second generation (2G) technologies then to third generation (3G) technologies and now the much talked about fourth generation (4G) wireless technologies [1], [2].
The 1G wireless technologies are based on cellular telephone standard (i.e. analogue signals that are voice only). Examples of such standards are Nordic Mobile Telephone, Advanced Mobile Phone System, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph and Total Access Communication System [3].
The 2G technologies emerged in the 1990s and are based on digital transmission. Examples of the 2G technologies are Global System for Mobile Communication, Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System, Interim Standard-95 and Personal Digital Cellular [4].
The main difference between the 1G and 2G technologies is their mode of transmission and signalling. 2G technologies use digital transmission and have introduced advanced fast phone-to-network signalling, while 1G uses analogue transmission [2].
As the demand for 2G technologies increased, it became clearer that the demand for dataservices was growing and consequently, the need for 3G technologies, i.e. high-speed internet protocol (IP) data networks. The three major 3G standards that provide high-speed IP networks are Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standard, Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000) and Time-Division Synchronous CDMA [5].
In-between 2G and 3G technologies, the 2.5G technologies were introduced as an extension of the 2G technologies. The 2.5G technologies describes a 2G technologies with a General Packet Radio Service, or other services not generally found in 2G or 1G networks. Examples of 2.5G technologies are Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, High-Speed Circuit Switched Data and Interim Standard for CDMA, i.e. IS-95B [6].
The main difference between the 2G and the 3G technologies is the method used to control digital signals used in transmitting data between specific points in the network, i.e. the switching method used. Packet-switching is used for data transmission in 3G, while circuit-switching is used for data transmission in 2G [1].
As the end of the first decade in the new millennium approaches, it has become clearer that the 3G network will be overwhelmed by the need for bandwidth-intensive applications such as streaming media and mobile applications, which place emphasises on the quality of services. Bandwidth-intensive devices marked the need to consider evolution towards the 4G, which promises data optimisation techniques with speed improvement up to 10-fold over the existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G are the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) standard [7] and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) [8] standard.
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WiMAX is a wireless technology that promises to revolutionise wireless broadband service delivery. WiMAX promises a replacement for or an alternative to the digital subscriber line (DSL) and provides a long-range connection for private networks. For a fixed station, WiMAX can provide bit rates up to 40 Mbits/s according to the 2011 speed test by the WiMAX forum [9].
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1.1.1 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
1.1.2 Long Term Evolution .
1.2 CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1.3 FADING
1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIPATH CHANNEL
1.5 FADING CHANNEL MODEL
1.5.1 Rayleigh Fading Model
1.5.2 Rician Fading Model
1.6 DIVERSITY
1.7 COMBINING METHODS
1.8 CAPACITY OF MULTIPLE ANTENNA SYSTEMS IN FADING ENVIRONMENT
1.9 SPACE-TIME CODING
1.9.1 Layered Space-Time Codes
1.9.2 Space-Time Block Code
1.9.3 Space-Time Trellis Code
1.9.4 Super-Orthogonal Space-Time Trellis Code
1.10 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE OF THESIS
1.11 AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION AND OUTPUT
1.11.1 Research Contribution
1.11.2 Journal Publication
CHAPTER 2 CHANNEL CODES FOR MULTIPLE ANTENNAS IN FADING CHANNEL
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 MULTICHANNEL EQUALISATION OF CHANNEL CODES FOR MULTIPLE ANTENNA SYSTEMS
2.2.1 Multichannel Equalisation in Space-Time Trellis Code .
2.2.2 Multichannel Equalisation in Space-Time Block Code .
2.2.3 Multichannel Equalisation in Super-Orthogonal Block Code .
2.3 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .
2.4 MULTIPLE ANTENNA SYSTEM WITH OFDM .
2.4.1 Brief Description of OFDM
2.4.2 Channel Codes for Multiple Antenna in OFDM
2.5 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.6 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3 CHANNEL ESTIMATION OF MULTIPLE ANTENNA OFDM SCHEMES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR STTC-OFD
3.2.1 System Model .
3.2.2 Pilot System Description
3.3 CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR SUPER-ORTHOGONAL BLOCK CODED OFDM SCHEMES
3.3.1 System Model
3.3.3 Simulation Result and Discussion
3.4 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4 BER ANALYSIS OF SOBC-OFDM SCHEMES WITH PERFECT CHANNEL ESTIMATION
4.1 SYSTEM MODEL .
4.2 PAIRWISE ERROR PROBABILITY OF SOBC-OFDM SCHEME
4.2.1 Mathematical Analysi
4.2.2 Numerical Example
4.3 BER OF SOSFTC-OFDM
4.4 PERFORMANCE RESULT
4.5 SUMMAR
CHAPTER 5 BER ANALYSIS OF SOBC-OFDM WITH ESTIMATION ERRORS
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH
