CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT IN CITY AND MUNICIPAL COUNCILS IN TANZANIA 

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Local government authorities in the pre-colonial period

The history of local authorities in Tanzania goes as far back as the pre-colonial period. Local authorities in the pre-colonial era were truly local in the sense that there was no outside centralized administration. Development among various ethnic community groups was uneven. However, in some areas governance was more central and spread over large geographical areas encompassing a greater number of clusters or villages under a single head or a chief who was respected by every one in the community. In other clusters or villages, governance was much more loose and local.
In most cases, the people elected the chief democratically. A person became a chief by virtue of possessing certain useful but unusual qualities such as economically valuable skills like iron working which produced instruments for both defence and production, knowledge in weather forecasting (such as rain making) and also skills in hunting and gallantry.
Governance under the chief was mainly for two purposes: the defence of the ethnic community against attacks by hostile neighbours and protection against nature in the form of wild animals and other natural hazards. Although some ofthe chiefs and leaders of the ethnic communities became very powerful as symbols of those tribes, still, by and large there was respect for the subjects.
This was because abuse of the honour and trust bestowed upon a chief by the people could lead to his removal. This was an important democratic attribute. In many ethnic communities’ elders formed councils, which deliberated on important matters affecting their communities’ security and welfare. Later some such communities became stronger and established military units which led to chief townships as in the case of the Chagga, the Nyamwezi and the Hehe.
Explorers, Arab traders and missionaries found well-established chiefdoms in Tanzania. During the pre-colonial era there was no conflict on matters involving community governance since there existed a system of communal society that allowed community elders to form an elder’s council to resolve community problems in an amicable way. The relationship between these elders and other community members was based on self-respect. Thus, amicable relationships between the ethnic community elders and the other community members, as well as established self-respect contributed greatly to non-existence of conflict during the pre-colonial era (Max, 1991:7).

Local government authorities during the colonial period

As noted earlier, Tanzania (then Tanganyika) was occupied by two colonial powers, the Germans (1884-1918) and the British (1919-1961). It was noted further that local government in the pre-colonial period was much loose and local, and was later restructured by the colonial powers according to their vested interests. The Germans were the first colonial power who came in 1884. Their first task was to change the then pre-colonial system and establish their own system of local government.

The German period (1884-1918)

The period of German occupation of Tanzania was largely spent on overcoming local resistance. The war against resistance was first waged against Arab traders on the coast who were losing control over the trade because of the arrival of the Germans. Secondly, the war was waged against some powerful and well established local chiefs such as Mkwawa of the Hehe and Isike of the Nyamwezi (Shivji & Peter, 2003:4).

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 Research questions
1.5 MOTIVATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
1.6 METHODOLOGY
1.6.1 Study design
1.6.2 Sampling procedures
1.6.3 Research instruments
1.6.4 Data analysis
1.7 HYPOTHESIS
1. 7.1 Hypothesis one
1.7.2 Hypothesis two
1.9 ASSUMPTIONS
1.10 TERMINOLOGY
1.10.1 Local government authorities
1.10.2 Conflict
1.10.3 Conflict resolution
1.10.4 Councillors
1.10.5 Executives
1.10.8 Madaraka Mikoani
1.10.9 Ujamaa policy
1.10.10 Qualitative research
1.10.11 Quantitative research
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT ‘CONFLICT’
2.3 FORMS/TYPES OF CONFLICT
2.3.1 Goal conflict
2.3.2 Cognitive conflict
2.3.3 Affective conflict
2.3.4 Procedural conflict
2.3.5 Scarce resource conflict
2.3.6 Authority conflict
2.3.7 Interdependence conflict
2.3.8 Elements of conflict
2.4 VIEWS AND EFFECTS OF CONFLICT
2.6 INTRODUCTION OF CONFLICT (CONFLICT FORMATION)
2 7 PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICT
2.8 LEVELS OF CONFLICT
2.9 SYMPTOMS OF CONFLICT
2.10 CAUSES OF CONFLICT
2.11 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CONFLICT
2.12 CONFLICT RESOLUTION
2.13 TACTICS OR TECHNIQUES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION
2.14 EMPIRICAL REVIEW
2.15 SUMMARY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT IN CITY AND MUNICIPAL COUNCILS IN TANZANIA 
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF COUNCILS IN TANZANIA
3.3 NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA
3.4 SERVICE DELIVERY IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
3.5 SOURCES OF FINANCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
3.6 ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL DEVELOPMEN
3.7 LOCAL GOVERNMENT RELATIONS WITH CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
3.8 PROBLEMS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
3.9 PERCEIVED CONFLICT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 PREMINARY STUDIES AND PILOT VISITS
4.3 RESEARCH DESIGN
4.4 RESEARCH AREA
4.5 POPULATION, SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
4.6 RESEARCH METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS
4.7 DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS PROPOSALS AND POLICY
IMPLICATIONS

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MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT IN CITY AND MUNICIPAL COUNCILS IN TANZANIA WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO IRINGA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL AND TANGA CITY COUNCIL