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Mauritius
Mauritius is an Island in the Indian Ocean and occupies an area of approximately 2040 square kilometres. The country gained its independence in 1968 and has a population of 1.2 million (African Economic Outlook 2016:3). The public service in Mauritius was established during the French colonial rule in 1715 to 1810 and comprises of twenty-three ministries as illustrated in Figure 4.8. Since training and access to information is underscored, the government believes that placing people first is fundamental in governing the public institutions (Kalumiya and Bor 2016:10). Mauritius has various legislation and institutions to counter corruption in the public service namely: Finance and Audit Act, 1972, Prevention of Corruption Act, 2002, Public Procurement Act, 2006, Equal Opportunity Act, 2011, Code of ethics, Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC),
National Audit Office, Office of the Ombudsman and Director of Public Prosecutions. The Finance and Audit Act, 1972 on the inspection of public expenditures. The Act outlines the powers and functions of the director of audit in ensuring that the public funds are utilised appropriately. Prevention of Corruption Act, 2002 is the legal instrument used to tackle corruption in Mauritius public service. The Act highlights how corrupt activities such as bribery and failure to declare conflicts of interest should be addressed. Further whistle-blowers and witness protection is established by the Prevention of Corruption Act (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2011:21). Public Procurement Act, 2006 in Mauritius sets out rules and procedures for procurement to ensure transparency and accountability in the public service. UNCITRAL model law on public procurement and the World Bank procurement rules are the basis for the establishment of Public Procurement Act. The Act promotes integrity, fairness and public confidence in procurement process (African Economic Outlook 2016:4). Equal Opportunity Act, 2011 promotes good governance by ensuring that public officials equal opportunities to achieve their goals and objectives. All manners of discrimination in the public service are prohibited by the Act. Equal Opportunity Tribunal has been established by the Act to address complaints from the public officials (Equal Opportunity Act, 2011). Mauritian Code of Ethics stipulate the standard of conduct for public officials. Responsible, responsiveness and caring public service are the main focus of the Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics facilitates effective administration and ethical behaviour through putting emphasis on integrity, selflessness, impartiality, objectivity, accountability, openness, honesty and justice (Transparency International 2014:11).
Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) is an independent body tasked with investigating allegations of corrupt activities, prevention of corruption and educating the citizenry about the effects of corruption. ICAC is administratively accountable to Parliamentary committee (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2011:20). National Audit Office established under Section 110 of the Constitution provide external audit in the public service. Further, National Audit Office promotes good governance in the public service by enhancing transparent and accountable administration and reports to the National Assembly on the management of public funds (Transparency International 2014:10). Mauritian Office of the Ombudsman is responsible for addressing maladministration in the public service. The role played by the Office of the Ombudsman in challenging corruption is launching investigations and make recommendations to resolve problems. The Ombudsman Act, 1969 highlights the functions, responsibilities and the manner in which the officials of the Office of the Ombudsman should conduct themselves (African Economic Outlook 2016:3).
Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance
The public service in Botswana is reported to be accountable and transparent in all its activities. It was granted a 100 percent rating by Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance since 2006. Furthermore, the Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance reflects that the government and its officials are not corrupt as illustrated in Table 5.2. Transparency and accountability are facilitated through the Constitution, 1966 and the Finance and Audit Act, 1997. The Constitution, adopted in 1965, lays down an institutional framework that includes the parliament as a representative, law-making, and oversight organ intended to ensure that the executive, led by the President as the Head of State, delivers on its mandate. The constitution of Botswana establishes three principal organs of the state, the executive, parliament and judicature. The constitution specifies the appointment and powers of principal public service offices and fundamental issues concerning public finance and its management (Sebudubudu 2014:5). The Constitution, 1966, provides for internal checks and balances and requires the government to be open, accountable and transparent. To ensure accountability and transparency the Constitution, 1966, established the Office of the Auditor General to conduct annual audit of all public accounts (Constitution, 1966). Finance and Audit Act, 1997, ensures fiscal accountability and transparency in the public service. The Act emphasis, safeguarding the collection and custody of funds for a better public funds management. Further, public funds are to be disbursed with proper legislation and the finance official must be responsive to the citizenry (Finance and Audit Act, 1997).
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY
1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.4. OVERVIEW AND CONTEXTUALISATION
1.5. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.7. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.9. CLARIFICATION CONCEPTS
1.10. FRAMEWORK OF CHAPTERS
1.11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER TWO: GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. THE ROLE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
2.3 GOVERNANCE
2.4. GOOD GOVERNANCE
2.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER THREE: TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. TRANSPARENCY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
3.3. ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
3.4. TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
3.5 OBSTACLES TO GOOD GOVERNANCE
3.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERNATIONAL AND AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
4.3. AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES
4.4. SUMAMRY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FIVE: GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION IN THE BOTSWANA PUBLIC SERVICE
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. BOTSWANA
5.3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6: GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IN THE BOTSWANA PUBLIC SERVICE: EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
6.3. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
6.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS: CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES: BOTSWANA PUBLIC SERVICE
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS
7.3. COMMENDATION ON GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES: BOTSWANA PUBLIC SERVICE
7.4. RECOMMENDATIONS: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLASSIFICATION MODEL TO ENHANCE GOOD GOVERNNACE PRACTICES IN BOTSWANA PUBLIC SERVICE
7.5. CLASSIFICATION MODEL TO ENHANCE GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES: BOTSWANA PUBLIC SERVICE
7.6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
7.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
